The Science Behind

What We Do

Landmark early studies

O’Reardon, J. P., Solvason, H. B., Janicak, P. G., Sampson, S., Isenberg, K. E., Nahas, Z., ... & Sackeim, H. A. (2007). Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biological psychiatry, 62(11), 1208-1216. 

George, M. S., Lisanby, S. H., Avery, D., McDonald, W. M., Durkalski, V., Pavlicova, M., ... & Sackeim, H. A. (2010). Daily left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for major depressive disorder: a sham-controlled randomized trial. Archives of general psychiatry, 67(5), 507-516. 

Carpenter, L. L., Janicak, P. G., Aaronson, S. T., Boyadjis, T., Brock, D. G., Cook, I. A., ... & Demitrack, M. A. (2012). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for major depression: a multisite, naturalistic, observational study of acute treatment outcomes in clinical practice. Depression and anxiety, 29(7), 587-596. 

 

Recent

Lefaucheur, J. P., Aleman, A., Baeken, C., Benninger, D. H., Brunelin, J., Di Lazzaro, V., ... & Ziemann, U. (2020). Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): an update (2014–2018). Clinical neurophysiology, 131(2), 474-528. 

Sehatzadeh, S., Daskalakis, Z. J., Yap, B., Tu, H. A., Palimaka, S., Bowen, J. M., & O’Reilly, D. J. (2019). Unilateral and bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials over 2 decades. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 44(3), 151-163. 

Blumberger, D. M., Vila-Rodriguez, F., Thorpe, K. E., Feffer, K., Noda, Y., Giacobbe, P., ... & Downar, J. (2018). Effectiveness of theta burst versus high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression (THREE-D): a randomised non-inferiority trial. The Lancet, 391(10131), 1683-1692. 

Donse, L., Padberg, F., Sack, A. T., Rush, A. J., & Arns, M. (2018). Simultaneous rTMS and psychotherapy in major depressive disorder: clinical outcomes and predictors from a large naturalistic study. Brain stimulation, 11(2), 337-345. 

Rehn, S., Eslick, G. D., & Brakoulias, V. (2018). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of different cortical targets used in repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Psychiatric Quarterly, 89(3), 645-665. 

Lefaucheur, J. P., Aleman, A., Baeken, C., Benninger, D. H., Brunelin, J., Di Lazzaro, V., ... & Ziemann, U. (2020). Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): an update (2014–2018). Clinical neurophysiology, 131(2), 474-528. 

Mantovani, A., Simpson, H. B., Fallon, B. A., Rossi, S., & Lisanby, S. H. (2010). Randomized sham-controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant obsessive–compulsive disorder. The The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 13(2), 217-227. 

 

Lefaucheur, J. P., Aleman, A., Baeken, C., Benninger, D. H., Brunelin, J., Di Lazzaro, V., ... & Ziemann, U. (2020). Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): an update (2014–2018). Clinical neurophysiology, 131(2), 474-528.

Krepel, N., Egtberts, T., Sack, A. T., Heinrich, H., Ryan, M., & Arns, M. (2020). A multicenter effectiveness trial of QEEG-informed neurofeedback in ADHD: Replication and treatment prediction. NeuroImage: Clinical, 28, 102399. 

Pimenta, M. G., Brown, T., Arns, M., & Enriquez-Geppert, S. (2021). Treatment efficacy and clinical effectiveness of EEG neurofeedback as a personalized and multimodal treatment in ADHD: A critical review. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 17, 637. 

Van Doren, J., Arns, M., Heinrich, H., Vollebregt, M. A., Strehl, U., & K Loo, S. (2019). Sustained effects of neurofeedback in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 28(3), 293-305. 

Arns, M., Feddema, I., & Kenemans, J. L. (2014). Differential effects of theta/beta and SMR neurofeedback in ADHD on sleep onset latency. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8, 1019. 

Bijlenga, D., Vollebregt, M. A., Kooij, J. J., & Arns, M. (2019). The role of the circadian system in the etiology and pathophysiology of ADHD: time to redefine ADHD?. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 11(1), 5-19. 

Arns, M., & Kenemans, J. L. (2014). Neurofeedback in ADHD and insomnia: vigilance stabilization through sleep spindles and circadian networks. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 44, 183-194. 

Arns, M., Swatzyna, R. J., Gunkelman, J., & Olbrich, S. (2015). Sleep maintenance, spindling excessive beta and impulse control: an RDoC arousal and regulatory systems approach?. Neuropsychiatric Electrophysiology, 1(1), 1-11. 

Strehl, U., Aggensteiner, P., Wachtlin, D., Brandeis, D., Albrecht, B., Arana, M., ... & Holtmann, M. (2017). Neurofeedback of slow cortical potentials in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a multicenter randomized trial controlling for unspecific effects. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 11, 135. 

Gevensleben, H., Rothenberger, A., Moll, G. H., & Heinrich, H. (2012). Neurofeedback in children with ADHD: validation and challenges. Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 12(4), 447-460. 

Mayer, K., Blume, F., Wyckoff, S. N., Brokmeier, L. L., & Strehl, U. (2016). Neurofeedback of slow cortical potentials as a treatment for adults with Attention Deficit-/Hyperactivity Disorder. Clinical Neurophysiology, 127(2), 1374-1386. 

 

Martijn Arns MSc, Michiel Kleinnijenhuis MSc, Kamran Fallahpour PhD & Rien Breteler PhD (2008) Golf Performance Enhancement and Real-Life Neurofeedback Training Using Personalized Event-Locked EEG Profiles, Journal of Neurotherapy, 11:4, 11-18, DOI: 10.1080/10874200802149656 

Bijlenga, D., Vollebregt, M. A., Kooij, J. J., & Arns, M. (2019). The role of the circadian system in the etiology and pathophysiology of ADHD: time to redefine ADHD?. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 11(1), 5-19. 

Bondopadhyay, U., Diaz-Orueta, U., & Coogan, A. N. (2022). A systematic review of sleep and circadian rhythms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Attention Disorders, 26(2), 149-224. 

Arns, M., Kooij, J. S., & Coogan, A. N. (2021). Identification and management of circadian rhythm sleep disorders as a transdiagnostic feature in child and adolescent psychiatry. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 60(9), 1085-1095. 

Krepel, N., van Dijk, H., Sack, A. T., Swatzyna, R. J., & Arns, M. (2021). To spindle or not to spindle: A replication study into spindling excessive beta as a transdiagnostic EEG feature associated with impulse control. Biological Psychology, 165, 108188.

Donse, L., Sack, A. T., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Arns, M. (2017). Sleep disturbances in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Association with non-response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 49, 31-39. 

Lefaucheur, J. P., Antal, A., Ayache, S. S., Benninger, D. H., Brunelin, J., Cogiamanian, F., ... & Paulus, W. (2017). Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Clinical Neurophysiology, 128(1), 56-92. 

Fregni, F., El-Hagrassy, M. M., Pacheco-Barrios, K., Carvalho, S., Leite, J., Simis, M., ... & Brunoni, A. R. (2021). Evidence-based guidelines and secondary meta-analysis for the use of transcranial direct current stimulation in neurological and psychiatric disorders. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(4), 256-313. 

Brunoni, A. R., Valiengo, L., Baccaro, A., Zanão, T. A., de Oliveira, J. F., Goulart, A., ... & Fregni, F. (2013). The sertraline vs electrical current therapy for treating depression clinical study: results from a factorial, randomized, controlled trial. JAMA psychiatry, 70(4), 383-391. 

Loo, C. K., Husain, M. M., McDonald, W. M., Aaronson, S., O'Reardon, J. P., Alonzo, A., ... & Galvez, V. (2018). International randomized-controlled trial of transcranial direct current stimulation in depression. Brain stimulation, 11(1), 125-133. 

Lõokene, M., Markov, N., Nikander, M., Neuvonen, T., & Dilkov, D. (2022). Reduction of symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder after transcranial direct current stimulation treatment: A real-world study. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 100347. 

Valiengo, L. D. C. L., Goerigk, S., Gordon, P. C., Padberg, F., Serpa, M. H., Koebe, S., ... & Brunoni, A. R. (2020). Efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation for treating negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. Jama Psychiatry, 77(2), 121-129. 

Bulubas, L., Goerigk, S., Gomes, J. S., Brem, A. K., Carvalho, J. B., Pinto, B. S., ... & Valiengo, L. (2021). Cognitive outcomes after tDCS in schizophrenia patients with prominent negative symptoms: Results from the placebo-controlled STARTS trial. Schizophrenia Research, 235, 44-51. 

Lefaucheur, J. P., Antal, A., Ayache, S. S., Benninger, D. H., Brunelin, J., Cogiamanian, F., ... & Paulus, W. (2017). Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Clinical Neurophysiology, 128(1), 56-92. 

Fregni, F., El-Hagrassy, M. M., Pacheco-Barrios, K., Carvalho, S., Leite, J., Simis, M., ... & Brunoni, A. R. (2021). Evidence-based guidelines and secondary meta-analysis for the use of transcranial direct current stimulation in neurological and psychiatric disorders. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(4), 256-313. 

Van der Vinne, N., Vollebregt, M. A., Rush, A. J., Eebes, M., van Putten, M. J., & Arns, M. (2021). EEG biomarker informed prescription of antidepressants in MDD: a feasibility trial. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 44, 14-22. 

Arns, M., van Dijk, H., Luykx, J. J., van Wingen, G., & Olbrich, S. (2022). Stratified psychiatry: Tomorrow's precision psychiatry?. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 55, 14-19. 

Arns, M., Gordon, E., & Boutros, N. N. (2017). EEG abnormalities are associated with poorer depressive symptom outcomes with escitalopram and venlafaxine-XR, but not sertraline: results from the multicenter randomized iSPOT-D study. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 48(1), 33-40. 

Voetterl, H., van Wingen, G., Michelini, G., Griffiths, K., Gordon, E., deBeus, R., ... & Arns, M. (2021). Biomarker-based treatment stratification in ADHD: An out-of-sample validation. 

Van der Vinne, N., Vollebregt, M. A., Boutros, N. N., Fallahpour, K., van Putten, M. J. A. M., & Arns, M. (2019). Normalization of EEG in depression after antidepressant treatment with sertraline? A preliminary report. Journal of Affective Disorders, 259, 67-72.